What is premature ejaculation? There is no generally accepted definition of premature ejaculation, as what Mr A may regard as a premature ejaculation will be different from what Mr B or C will regard as such. However, it is a condition where ejaculation occurs sooner than desired by a man or both him and his …
What is Dementia? Dementia is a condition which involves progressive and cognitive deficits. It usually affects memory first, with subsequent progression to cause dysphasia, agnosia, apraxia, diminished ability with executive function and eventually personality disintegration. Causes of Dementia It is caused by damage to or loss of nerve cells and their connections in the brain. …
What is urine retention? Urine retention is the inability to empty a full bladder. It is the commonest urological emergency worldwide. Adult males are more commonly affected by this condition. It is rare in children and in females. The causes differ in different age groups as well as in males and females. Risk factors for …
What is Haematuria? Haematuria is the passage of blood in the urine. It may be microscopic or macroscopic, intermittent or continuous. The pattern of blood in the urine may be initial, terminal or frank/total. Blood in urine is a serious symptom and must always be fully investigated especially to exclude cancer. Certain drugs and food …
What is Prostate cancer Prostate cancer is any abnormal and uncontrollable prostate cells growth. Ninety-five per cent of these tumours are adenocarcinomas. The majority of men affected are aged between 65 and 85 years. The incidence increases with age. It is recommended that every male, 40 years and above, should have annual screening by Prostate …
Introduction Bladder cancer is the second commonest urological cancer after prostate cancer. It is the commonest of all the cancers, which affect the urinary tract lining (urothelium). Males are more affected than females in a ratio of about 3:1. It is more common in the white race compared to the black race in a ratio …
What is is a Fournier\’s gangrene? Fournier\’s Gangrene is an acute fulminant polymicrobial necrotising fascitis or gangrene affecting the scrotum and sometimes extending to the perineum, penis and lower abdomen. It is also called idiopathic gangrene of the scrotum. The synergistic infections of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria coupled with obliterative arteritis results in the extensive …
Acute Epididymo-orchitis is an acute inflammation of the epididymis and testis usually due to a bacterial infection. It may follow ascending infection from the urethra (including STIS), instrumentation/catheterization, untreated lower urinary tract obstruction and genito-urinary surgery. It is a known complication of mumps. Poorly managed acute epididymo-orchitis may be complicated by septicaemia, abscess formation, chronic …
Introduction to Vasectomy (Male Sterilisation) Vasectomy (male sterilisation) is a permanent male contraceptive method, which is a simple, short and safe surgical procedure. It is carried out by trained surgeons usually under local anaesthesia after careful counselling and informed consent. Vasectomy is the most effective male family planning method. Involving males in issues of reproductive …
Introduction to Scrotal Masses Scrotal masses are swellings found in the scrotum. Let us abbreviate this condition to SM. Causes of Scrotal Masses The causes of scrotal masses will be discussed under types of SM which are: Causing of painless SM Causes of painful SM 1. Painless Swellings The causes of painless SM include the …
Introduction to Acute Cystitis Acute cystitis is an acute inflammation of the bladder. Women are affected 10 times more than men due to the shortness of their urethra compared to that of men. 40% -50% of all women will develop cystitis in their lifetime. The ascending faecal-perineal-urethral route is the primary mode of infection. Occasionally …
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the presence of micro-organisms in the urine or tissues of the normally sterile genitourinary tract. Infection may be localized to the bladder alone or the kidneys or, in men the prostate. Acute uncomplicated UTI occurs in women with a normal genitourinary tract and usually manifests as acute cystitis (bladder infection …
Anaemia develops early in the course of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and is nearly universal in patients with CKD stage 5 (End-stage kidney disease). The prevalence of anaemia at higher levels of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (i.e. CKD stage 1-2) is relatively low in individuals from the general population. Anaemia of CKD is primarily caused …
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with proteinuria in excess of 3-3.5 g/1.73 m² daily accompanied by hyperlipidaemia, oedema, hypoalbuminaemia, and hypercoagulable state. Diuretics should be used with caution and not given as a routine in children with nephrotic syndrome. Causes of Nephrotic syndrome The causes of nephrotic syndrome are generally grouped into: Primary glomerular disease Infections …
Acute glomerulonephritis is a disease characterised by damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus, which causes protein and blood to leak into the urine. Mechanisms for the glomerular damage may be immune-mediated. This condition may be associated with hypertension and fluid retention. Causes of Acute Glomerulonephritis The following are some of the known causes of acute …
